fdisk创建磁盘分区并格式化
本文主要记录一下在Linux命令行环境中如何对新磁盘进行分区并格式化，以及对已有分区如何进行扩容。
使用的分区工具是fdisk，格式化工具为mkfs，验证的环境为Ubuntu24.04虚拟机。
使用parted工具扩容已有分区，e2fsck检查文件系统是否被破坏，resize2fs扩容文件系统以适应分区大小。
创建新分区
第一步：VMware给虚拟机中新增一块硬盘
添加完硬盘之后重启虚拟机。
第二步：sudo权限下查看硬盘情况
root@ubuntu24:/# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors # 这里可以看到新增一个设备/dev/sdb，并且该设备下没有分区
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors # 原有的设备，并且设备下有两个分区/dev/sda1 /dev/sda2
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 589F299F-630C-414B-BF99-1E3BE5773E78
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 4095 2048 1M BIOS boot
/dev/sda2 4096 104855551 104851456 50G Linux filesystem
第三步：对/dev/sdb设备进行分区
root@ubuntu24:/# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.39.3).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS (MBR) disklabel with disk identifier 0xca261806.
Command (m for help): p # 打印当前分区表
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xca261806
Command (m for help): m # 打印操作菜单
Help:
DOS (MBR)
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit nested BSD disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
Generic
d delete a partition
F list free unpartitioned space
l list known partition types
n add a new partition
p print the partition table
t change a partition type
v verify the partition table
i print information about a partition
Misc
m print this menu
u change display/entry units
x extra functionality (experts only)
Script
I load disk layout from sfdisk script file
O dump disk layout to sfdisk script file
Save & Exit
w write table to disk and exit # 将分区表数据写入磁盘并退出
q quit without saving changes
Create a new label
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create a new empty SGI (IRIX) partition table
o create a new empty MBR (DOS) partition table
s create a new empty Sun partition table
Command (m for help): n # 创建分区表
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) # 主分区
e extended (container for logical partitions) # 扩容分区
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048) : # 起始扇区为2048，主要是为了给UEFI引导系统代码留出空间
Last sector, +/-sectors or +/-size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +10G # 分区大小为10G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB. # 创建新分区成功
Command (m for help): w # 写入分区表数据到磁盘
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
root@ubuntu24:/# fdisk -l # 查看分区结果
Disk /dev/sdb: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xca261806
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 2048 20973567 20971520 10G 83 Linux # 分区成功
Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Disk model: VMware Virtual S
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: 589F299F-630C-414B-BF99-1E3BE5773E78
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/sda1 2048 4095 2048 1M BIOS boot
/dev/sda2 4096 104855551 104851456 50G Linux filesystem
第四步：格式化分区，即写入文件系统数据
root@ubuntu24:/# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1
mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Creating filesystem with 2621440 4k blocks and 655360 inodes
Filesystem UUID: 18f6dee7-996b-4b12-a9b9-580b4d44c301
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632
Allocating group tables: done
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
第五步：挂载文件系统
root@ubuntu24:/# mkdir test
root@ubuntu24:/# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 test/
root@ubuntu24:/# cd test/
root@ubuntu24:/test# ls
lost+found
root@ubuntu24:/test# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sdb1 9.8G 24K 9.3G 1% /test
挂在命令使用方法：mount -t type device mountpoint -o options。
扩容分区
扩容分区使用的是parted命令，fdisk命令需要删除重建新分区才可以。
使用parted命令扩容分区没有验证数据是否会丢失，因此需要提前备份数据。
第一步：查看磁盘剩余空间
使用lsblk命令可以查看磁盘设备剩余空间：
root@ubuntu24:/# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1M 0 part
└─sda2 8:2 0 50G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk # /dev/sdb磁盘还有10G的剩余空间
└─sdb1 8:17 0 10G 0 part
第二步：扩容分区/dev/sdb1
再次强调一点，使用parted扩容分区不保证数据的完整性。
root@ubuntu24:/# parted /dev/sdb
GNU Parted 3.6
Using /dev/sdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) print # 打印当前分区情况
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 10.7GB 10.7GB primary ext4
(parted) help # 查看命令
align-check TYPE N check partition N for TYPE(min|opt) alignment
help [COMMAND] print general help, or help on COMMAND
mklabel,mktable LABEL-TYPE create a new disklabel (partition table)
mkpart PART-TYPE [FS-TYPE] START END make a partition
name NUMBER NAME name partition NUMBER as NAME
print [devices|free|list,all] display the partition table, or available devices, or free space, or all found partitions
quit exit program
rescue START END rescue a lost partition near START and END
resizepart NUMBER END resize partition NUMBER # 可以根据分区编号修改分区大小
rm NUMBER delete partition NUMBER
select DEVICE choose the device to edit
disk_set FLAG STATE change the FLAG on selected device
disk_toggle [FLAG] toggle the state of FLAG on selected device
set NUMBER FLAG STATE change the FLAG on partition NUMBER
toggle [NUMBER [FLAG]] toggle the state of FLAG on partition NUMBER
type NUMBER TYPE-ID or TYPE-UUID type set TYPE-ID or TYPE-UUID of partition NUMBER
unit UNIT set the default unit to UNIT
version display the version number and copyright information of GNU Parted
(parted) resizepart 1 # 修改编号为1的分区
End? [10.7GB]? 15 # 从10.7G扩容到15MB，这是因为没有带单位
Warning: Shrinking a partition can cause data loss, are you sure you want to continue?
Yes/No? Yes
(parted)
(parted) print # 再次打印查看扩容结果
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 15.0MB 14.0MB primary ext4 # 已经扩容到15MB
(parted) resizepart 1 # 再次扩容分区
End? [15.0MB]? 15GiB # 扩容到15G，这次携带单位
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 16.1GB 16.1GB primary ext4 # 这里显示的数据不准确
(parted) resizepart 1 20GiB
Error: The location 20GiB is outside of the device /dev/sdb.
(parted) resizepart 1 100% # 这次一步到位将剩余空间占满
(parted) print
Model: VMware, VMware Virtual S (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 1049kB 21.5GB 21.5GB primary ext4
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
第三步：查看扩容分区结果
root@ubuntu24:/# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS
sda 8:0 0 50G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 1M 0 part
└─sda2 8:2 0 50G 0 part /
sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk
└─sdb1 8:17 0 20G 0 part
第四步：分区变大，修复文件系统
使用e2fsck检查修改分区大小是否破坏了文件系统。
使用resize2fs修改文件系统大小以使用分区大小。
root@ubuntu24:/# e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1
e2fsck 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/sdb1: 11/655360 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 66753/2621440 blocks
root@ubuntu24:/# resize2fs /dev/sdb1
resize2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/sdb1 to 5242624 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/sdb1 is now 5242624 (4k) blocks long.
第五步：重新挂载文件系统
root@ubuntu24:/# mount -t ext4 /dev/sdb1 test/
root@ubuntu24:/# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 790M 1.3M 789M 1% /run
/dev/sda2 49G 20G 28G 42% /
tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock
tmpfs 3.9G 0 3.9G 0% /run/qemu
tmpfs 790M 12K 790M 1% /run/user/1000
/dev/sdb1 20G 24K 19G 1% /test
root@ubuntu24:/# cd /test/
root@ubuntu24:/test# ls
lost+found
- 原文作者：生如夏花
- 原文链接：https://blduan.top/post/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8/fdisk%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%98%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA%E5%B9%B6%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%8C%96/
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